57 research outputs found
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Womenâs Workforce Participation and Spousal Violence: Insights from India
Intimate partner violence is a serious form of unfreedom inflicted on women across the world. How does the incidence of such violence vary with womenâs workforce participation â a factor that is supposed to enhance their economic well-being? Our study examines this relationship using a nationally representative dataset from India. Given vast heterogeneity among Indian women, we investigate how this link varies by their class and socio-religious identities. Treating womenâs employment as endogenous, we find that it is associated with a significantly higher probability of reported spousal violence for women from all wealth quintiles except the topmost and across all social groups. Moreover, the reported risks are found to be relatively higher for disadvantaged groups. We hypothesize that these findings could be explained through the backlash effect arising from two sources: the perceived violation of socio-cultural norms by employed women and the double burden of reproductive and market work on them
Groupwise Maximin Fair Allocation of Indivisible Goods
We study the problem of allocating indivisible goods among n agents in a fair
manner. For this problem, maximin share (MMS) is a well-studied solution
concept which provides a fairness threshold. Specifically, maximin share is
defined as the minimum utility that an agent can guarantee for herself when
asked to partition the set of goods into n bundles such that the remaining
(n-1) agents pick their bundles adversarially. An allocation is deemed to be
fair if every agent gets a bundle whose valuation is at least her maximin
share.
Even though maximin shares provide a natural benchmark for fairness, it has
its own drawbacks and, in particular, it is not sufficient to rule out
unsatisfactory allocations. Motivated by these considerations, in this work we
define a stronger notion of fairness, called groupwise maximin share guarantee
(GMMS). In GMMS, we require that the maximin share guarantee is achieved not
just with respect to the grand bundle, but also among all the subgroups of
agents. Hence, this solution concept strengthens MMS and provides an ex-post
fairness guarantee. We show that in specific settings, GMMS allocations always
exist. We also establish the existence of approximate GMMS allocations under
additive valuations, and develop a polynomial-time algorithm to find such
allocations. Moreover, we establish a scale of fairness wherein we show that
GMMS implies approximate envy freeness.
Finally, we empirically demonstrate the existence of GMMS allocations in a
large set of randomly generated instances. For the same set of instances, we
additionally show that our algorithm achieves an approximation factor better
than the established, worst-case bound.Comment: 19 page
Robust Restless Bandits: Tackling Interval Uncertainty with Deep Reinforcement Learning
We introduce Robust Restless Bandits, a challenging generalization of
restless multi-arm bandits (RMAB). RMABs have been widely studied for
intervention planning with limited resources. However, most works make the
unrealistic assumption that the transition dynamics are known perfectly,
restricting the applicability of existing methods to real-world scenarios. To
make RMABs more useful in settings with uncertain dynamics: (i) We introduce
the Robust RMAB problem and develop solutions for a minimax regret objective
when transitions are given by interval uncertainties; (ii) We develop a double
oracle algorithm for solving Robust RMABs and demonstrate its effectiveness on
three experimental domains; (iii) To enable our double oracle approach, we
introduce RMABPPO, a novel deep reinforcement learning algorithm for solving
RMABs. RMABPPO hinges on learning an auxiliary "-network" that allows
each arm's learning to decouple, greatly reducing sample complexity required
for training; (iv) Under minimax regret, the adversary in the double oracle
approach is notoriously difficult to implement due to non-stationarity. To
address this, we formulate the adversary oracle as a multi-agent reinforcement
learning problem and solve it with a multi-agent extension of RMABPPO, which
may be of independent interest as the first known algorithm for this setting.
Code is available at https://github.com/killian-34/RobustRMAB.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figure
Impact of the non-biodegradable plastics and role of microbes in biotic degradation
Plastic is a group of elastic organic compounds whose definition has radically changed from being a large family of useful polymers to an indispensable part of life. We might say we are residing in the âera of plasticeneâ. If we simply pause and look around, we would realize that a majority of things in our daily life comprise plastic polymers. Currently, the international production of these polymers has spiked to around 300 million metric tons annually. Surprisingly about 50 percent of the products are discarded within a year of fabrication. Once discarded âoutsideâ they end up âsomewhereâ and start exerting their disruptive consequences. Despite its enormous utility, it is now being increasingly known that these polymers are surely not without their downsides. Several steps are taken and even more, are being investigated so the mayhem of plastic doesn't prove for a "no pilot in cockpit" situation. Here we have conducted a review work of the available literature on various biological entities that can utilize plastic while at the same time focusing our attempts to assemble information regarding the probable enzymes that do it. We have also provided a report on the effect of different plastics on the ecosystem and the various management alternatives out there
algebra and the dual theory of 3D asymptotically flat higher spin gravity
BMS algebra in three spacetime dimensions can be deformed into a two
parameter family of algebra known as algebra. For , we show that
other than , no other algebra admits a non-degenerate
bilinear and thus one can not have a Chern-Simons gauge theory formulation with
them. However, they may appear in a three-dimensional gravity description,
where we also need to have a spin 2 generator, that comes from the
sector. In the present work, we have demonstrated that the asymptotic symmetry
algebra of a spin 3 gravity theory on flat spacetime has both the and
algebras as subalgebras. We have also constructed a dual boundary
field theory for this higher spin gravity theory by using the
Chern-Simons/Wess-Zumino-Witten correspondence.Comment: 27+5 pages; 3 appendice
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